Loneliness is often described as a subjective feeling of social isolation, a perception that one is disconnected from others. While many of us experience loneliness at some point in our lives, its pervasiveness in contemporary society has led experts to label it an epidemic.

Various studies suggest that millions of people worldwide, particularly in developed nations, are grappling with chronic loneliness, which can have profound implications for mental and physical health.

The roots of the loneliness epidemic are multi-faceted, and there’s a strange irony associated with it. Despite rapid technological advances and social structure changes, substantial numbers of individuals find themselves more isolated, although more “connected” than ever.

Social media, for instance, often replaces face-to-face interactions with virtual ones, which can engender feelings of inadequacy and loneliness. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated this situation; lockdowns and social distancing measures forced many to retreat indoors, further isolating them from their communities.

Some of the causes of increased loneliness in general society have been cited as follows:

1. Technological Influence: The rise of digital communication has changed the nature of friendships and interactions. While technology facilitates connections over long distances, it often lacks the emotional depth of in-person interactions, leading to a sense of superficiality.
2. Societal Changes: Traditional family structures are changing, with more people living alone due to delayed marriages, divorce rates, and urbanization. This shift can lead to increased feelings of loneliness, particularly among older adults who may be more vulnerable to isolation.
3. Mental Health Issues: Mental health disorders, such as depression and anxiety, can heighten feelings of loneliness. On the flip side, chronic loneliness can also be a precursor to mental health issues, creating a vicious cycle that is difficult to break.
4. Global Disruptions: Events like the COVID-19 pandemic have disrupted social norms and interactions. Physical distancing, fear of infection, and restricted mobility contributed to increased feelings of isolation, particularly among vulnerable populations like the elderly and those with pre-existing mental health conditions.

Government concerns and responses

Although recognised as a worldwide phenomenon, the loneliness problem has become acutely evident in South Korea. Authorities in Seoul announced this week they would spend 451.3 billion won (nearly $327 million) over the next five years to “create a city where no one is lonely.”

Initiatives include loneliness counsellors available on a 24/7 hotline, an online platform for similar counselling, plus follow-up measures, including in-person visits and consultations.

The city also plans to introduce expanded psychological services and green spaces; nutritional meal plans for middle-aged and elderly residents; a dedicated “search system” to identify isolated residents who need help; and activities to encourage people to venture outside and connect with others, such as gardening, sports, book clubs and more.

In Korea, the problem of loneliness has gained national attention over the past decade as the number of related issues has increased. For example, young people withdraw from the world and spend their days isolated at home, often for months. The phenomenon, known by the Japanese term “hikikomori,” has become increasingly common; South Korea had up to 244,000 such recluses in 2022 by one estimate.

The number of lonely deaths has also been rising – reaching 3,661 last year, up from 3,559 in 2022 and 3,378 in 2021, according to the Ministry of Health and Welfare’s latest figures released last week.

The problem seems to impact middle-aged and elderly men the most. More than 84% of the lonely deaths recorded last year were male, more than five times the number of female deaths, according to the ministry. Men in their 50s and 60s made up more than half the total group, making them “particularly vulnerable to the risk of dying alone.”

Other countries, including the United Kingdom, have similarly appointed ministers of loneliness. The United States Surgeon General warned of an “epidemic of loneliness and isolation” in a 2023 advisory, urging measures such as building stronger social infrastructure and regulating online platforms.

Even the World Health Organization launched a commission to fight loneliness in 2023, calling it a “pressing health threat.”

Overall, governments are generally taking the following courses of action to understand and develop appropriate courses of action. This includes:

1. Public Awareness Campaigns: Many governments have started initiatives aimed at raising awareness about loneliness. These campaigns often focus on reducing stigma, encouraging people to acknowledge their feelings and seek help.
2. Mental Health Services Expansion: Increased funding for mental health services has been a priority in several countries. By providing better resources for mental health, governments aim to tackle underlying issues that contribute to loneliness.
3. Community Building Initiatives: Local governments are investing in community-building programs that foster social interaction, such as community centers, social clubs, and volunteer opportunities. These initiatives create spaces where individuals can meet and connect, promoting social cohesion.
4. Policy Development: In the UK the role of the Minister of Loneliness focuses on implementing policies and coordinating efforts across various sectors to mitigate loneliness and foster connections.
5. Research and Data Collection: Governments are investing in research to understand the prevalence and impact of loneliness better. Data helps formulate more effective strategies and tailor interventions to meet specific community needs.
6. Technology-Driven Solutions: Several governments are exploring technology to combat loneliness. Apps and online platforms designed for community engagement, group activities, and social interaction are being promoted, particularly for younger generations who may be more comfortable with digital communication.

But, while governmental initiatives might be vital, societal and individual efforts also play an important part here. Community-level strategies encouraging neighbours to connect, businesses sponsoring community events, and schools fostering inclusivity can create a more supportive environment for everyone.

Volunteer work can help individuals connect with others while providing meaningful contributions to their communities. Such interactions can combat feelings of isolation and create a sense of belonging.

Volunteer work can help individuals connect with others while providing meaningful contributions to their communities. Such interactions can combat feelings of isolation and create a sense of belonging.

Education and awareness are also classed as key ingredients in the solution to the loneliness epidemic. Initiatives to educate people about the effects of loneliness can empower individuals to take active steps to connect with others and better understand their feelings.